by 1890 about one million people lived in the city, with about a quarter being immigrants - this in addition to former slaves from coffee and sugar plantations freed in 1888 by a decree of princess isabel.

famous musical rhythms such as bossa nova and a variety of local gastronomic delicacies are the result of the quick merging  of elements from different cultures in the carioca way.

due to napoleon's ongoing war with portugal back in europe, rio became the temporary capital of portugal between 1808 and 1821.  

it was at this time that the royal court was transferred to rio onboard of 40 ships, and many of the beautiful french-styled buildings and gardens were built or planned - such as the jardim botânico, a botanical garden of rare beauty, home today to over 600 species.