In 1822, the War of Brazilian Independence began, and Rio de Janeiro became the capital of the new and independent monarchy. Later, the city remained as the capital of the Empire of Brazil until 1889, and finally during the republican years of Brazil until 1960, when the capital was transferred to Brasília.

Throughout its history, Rio de Janeiro was the heart of strong and innovative political and intellectual currents that led to the abolishment of slavery in 1888 and the formation of a Republic in 1889.