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the comprehensive and internationally acclaimed study SOCIAL SCIENCE REPRESENTATIONS OF FAVELAS IN RIO DE JANEIRO: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, by Licia do Prado Valladares addresses the use of the terms for favelas, pointing out that banlieue, bidonville, ghetto, slum, taudis have varying meanings. valladares cautions regarding the use of  semantic conversions and generalizations. she argues that the systematic use of such terms stigmatizes communities situated at the bottom of the hierarchical system that compose the metropolis and she shows a direct link between territory, identity and  commitment.